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  <div class="section" id="module-kitchen.i18n">
<span id="kitchen-i18n-module"></span><h1>Kitchen.i18n Module<a class="headerlink" href="#module-kitchen.i18n" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-i18n"><em class="xref std std-term">I18N</em></a> is an important piece of any modern program.  Unfortunately,
setting up <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-i18n"><em class="xref std std-term">i18n</em></a> in your program is often a confusing process.  The
functions provided here aim to make the programming side of that a little
easier.</p>
<p>Most projects will be able to do something like this when they startup:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># myprogram/__init__.py:</span>

<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">sys</span>

<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">kitchen.i18n</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">easy_gettext_setup</span>

<span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">N_</span>  <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">easy_gettext_setup</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;myprogram&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">localedirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span>
        <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">realpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__file__</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="s">&#39;locale&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
        <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;locale&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
        <span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Then, in other files that have strings that need translating:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># myprogram/commands.py:</span>

<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">myprogram</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">N_</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">print_usage</span><span class="p">():</span>
    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">u&quot;&quot;&quot;available commands are:</span>
<span class="s">    --help              Display help</span>
<span class="s">    --version           Display version of this program</span>
<span class="s">    --bake-me-a-cake    as fast as you can</span>
<span class="s">        &quot;&quot;&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>

<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">print_invitations</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">age</span><span class="p">):</span>
    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;Please come to my party.&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
    <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">N_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;I will be turning </span><span class="si">%(age)s</span><span class="s"> year old&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
        <span class="s">&#39;I will be turning </span><span class="si">%(age)s</span><span class="s"> years old&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&#39;age&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">age</span><span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>See the documentation of <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup" title="kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_gettext_setup()</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object" title="kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_translation_object()</span></tt></a> for more details.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>for details of how the python gettext facilities work</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://babel.edgewall.org">babel</a></dt>
<dd>The babel module for in depth information on gettext, <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message
catalogs</em></a>, and translating your app.  babel provides some nice
features for <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-i18n"><em class="xref std std-term">i18n</em></a> on top of <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a></dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div></blockquote>
<div class="section" id="functions">
<h2>Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup" title="kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_gettext_setup()</span></tt></a> should satisfy the needs of most users.
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object" title="kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_translation_object()</span></tt></a> is designed to ease the way for anyone that
needs more control.</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.i18n.</tt><tt class="descname">easy_gettext_setup</tt><big>(</big><em>domain</em>, <em>localedirs=()</em>, <em>use_unicode=True</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Setup translation functions for an application</p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>domain</strong> &#8211; Name of the message domain.  This should be a unique name
that can be used to lookup the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalog</em></a> for this app.</li>
<li><strong>localedirs</strong> &#8211; Iterator of directories to look for <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message
catalogs</em></a> under.  The first directory to exist is used regardless of
whether messages for this domain are present.  If none of the
directories exist, fallback on <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.prefix</span></tt> + <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">/share/locale</span></tt>
Default: No directories to search so we just use the fallback.</li>
<li><strong>use_unicode</strong> &#8211; If <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a> return the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> functions
for <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings else return the functions for byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> for the translations.  Default is <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a>.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">tuple of the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> function and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> function
for plurals</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Setting up <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> can be a little tricky because of lack of
documentation.  This function will setup <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a>  using the 
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#class-based-api">Class-based API</a> for you.
For the simple case, you can use the default arguments and call it like
this:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">_</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">N_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">easy_gettext_setup</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will get you two functions, <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">_()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">N_()</span></tt> that you can use
to mark strings in your code for translation.  <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">_()</span></tt> is used to mark
strings that don&#8217;t need to worry about plural forms no matter what the
value of the variable is.  <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">N_()</span></tt> is used to mark strings that do need
to have a different form if a variable in the string is plural.</p>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href=""><em>Kitchen.i18n Module</em></a></dt>
<dd>This module&#8217;s documentation has examples of using <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">_()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">N_()</span></tt></dd>
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object" title="kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_translation_object()</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>for information on how to use <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">localedirs</span></tt> to get the
proper <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a> both when in development and when
installed to FHS compliant directories on Linux.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The gettext functions returned from this function should be superior
to the ones returned from <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a>.  The traits that make them
better are described in the <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DummyTranslations</span></tt></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NewGNUTranslations</span></tt></a> documentation.</p>
</div>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version kitchen-0.2.4: </span>; API kitchen.i18n 2.0.0
Changed <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup" title="kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_gettext_setup()</span></tt></a> to return the lgettext
functions instead of gettext functions when use_unicode=False.</p>
</dd></dl>

<dl class="function">
<dt id="kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object">
<tt class="descclassname">kitchen.i18n.</tt><tt class="descname">get_translation_object</tt><big>(</big><em>domain</em>, <em>localedirs=()</em>, <em>languages=None</em>, <em>class_=None</em>, <em>fallback=True</em>, <em>codeset=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Get a translation object bound to the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a></p>
<table class="docutils field-list" frame="void" rules="none">
<col class="field-name" />
<col class="field-body" />
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="field-odd field"><th class="field-name">Parameters:</th><td class="field-body"><ul class="first simple">
<li><strong>domain</strong> &#8211; Name of the message domain.  This should be a unique name
that can be used to lookup the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalog</em></a> for this app or
library.</li>
<li><strong>localedirs</strong> &#8211; Iterator of directories to look for
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a> under.  The directories are searched in order
for <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a>.  For each of the directories searched,
we check for message catalogs in any language specified
in:attr:<cite>languages</cite>.  The <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a> are used to create
the Translation object that we return.  The Translation object will
attempt to lookup the msgid in the first catalog that we found.  If
it&#8217;s not in there, it will go through each subsequent catalog looking
for a match.  For this reason, the order in which you specify the
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">localedirs</span></tt> may be important.  If no <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a>
are found, either return a <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DummyTranslations</span></tt></a> object or raise
an <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt> depending on the value of <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">fallback</span></tt>.
Rhe default localedir from  <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> which is
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path.join(sys.prefix,</span> <span class="pre">'share',</span> <span class="pre">'locale')</span></tt> on Unix is
implicitly appended to the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">localedirs</span></tt>, making it the last
directory searched.</li>
<li><strong>languages</strong> &#8211; <p>Iterator of language codes to check for
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a>.  If unspecified, the user&#8217;s locale settings
will be used.</p>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<p class="last"><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.find" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.find()</span></tt></a> for information on what environment
variables are used.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li><strong>class</strong> &#8211; The class to use to extract translations from the
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a>.  Defaults to <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NewGNUTranslations</span></tt></a>.</li>
<li><strong>fallback</strong> &#8211; If set to data:<cite>False</cite>, raise an <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">IOError</span></tt> if no
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a> are found.  If <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/constants.html#True" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-data docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a>, the default,
return a <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DummyTranslations</span></tt></a> object.</li>
<li><strong>codeset</strong> &#8211; Set the character encoding to use when returning byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> objects.  This is equivalent to calling
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_charset()</span></tt> on the Translations
object that is returned from this function.</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class="field-even field"><th class="field-name">Returns:</th><td class="field-body"><p class="first last">Translation object to get <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> methods from</p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>If you need more flexibility than <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup" title="kitchen.i18n.easy_gettext_setup"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">easy_gettext_setup()</span></tt></a>, use this
function.  It sets up a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> Translation object and returns it
to you.  Then you can access any of the methods of the object that you
need directly.  For instance, if you specifically need to access
<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">translations</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_translation_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">translations</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lgettext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;My Message&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This function is similar to the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library">python standard library</a> <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.translation" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.translation()</span></tt></a> but
makes it better in two ways</p>
<ol class="arabic">
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>It returns <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NewGNUTranslations</span></tt></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DummyTranslations</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd><p class="first last">objects by default.  These are superior to the
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.GNUTranslations</span></tt> and <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.NullTranslations" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.NullTranslations</span></tt></a>
objects because they are consistent in the string type they return and
they fix several issues that can causethe <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library">python standard library</a> objects to throw
<tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li><dl class="first docutils">
<dt>This function takes multiple directories to search for</dt>
<dd><p class="first last"><a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a>.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
</ol>
<p>The latter is important when setting up <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> in a portable
manner.  There is not a common directory for translations across operating
systems so one needs to look in multiple directories for the translations.
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object" title="kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_translation_object()</span></tt></a> is able to handle that if you give it
a list of directories to search for catalogs:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">translations</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">get_translation_object</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">localedirs</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">(</span>
     <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">realpath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">__file__</span><span class="p">)),</span> <span class="s">&#39;locale&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
     <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefix</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;lib&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;locale&#39;</span><span class="p">)))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will search for several different directories:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>A directory named <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale</span></tt> in the same directory as the module
that called <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object" title="kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_translation_object()</span></tt></a>,</li>
<li>In <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/lib/locale</span></tt></li>
<li>In <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/share/locale</span></tt> (the fallback directory)</li>
</ol>
<p>This allows <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> to work on Windows and in development (where the
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a> are typically in the toplevel module directory)
and also when installed under Linux (where the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a>
are installed in <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/share/locale</span></tt>).  You (or the system packager)
just need to install the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a> in
<tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">/usr/share/locale</span></tt> and remove the <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale</span></tt> directory from the
module to make this work.  ie:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><pre>In development:
    ~/foo   # Toplevel module directory
    ~/foo/__init__.py
    ~/foo/locale    # With message catalogs below here:
    ~/foo/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/foo.mo

Installed on Linux:
    /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/foo
    /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/foo/__init__.py
    /usr/share/locale/  # With message catalogs below here:
    /usr/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/foo.mo</pre>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This function will setup Translation objects that attempt to lookup
msgids in all of the found <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a>.  This means if
you have several versions of the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a> installed
in different directories that the function searches, you need to make
sure that <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">localedirs</span></tt> specifies the directories so that newer
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalogs"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalogs</em></a> are searched first.  It also means that if
a newer catalog does not contain a translation for a msgid but an
older one that&#8217;s in <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">localedirs</span></tt> does, the translation from that
older catalog will be returned.</p>
</div>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version kitchen-1.1.0: </span>; API kitchen.i18n 2.1.0
Add more parameters to <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object" title="kitchen.i18n.get_translation_object"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_translation_object()</span></tt></a> so
it can more easily be used as a replacement for
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.translation" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.translation()</span></tt></a>.  Also change the way we use localedirs.
We cycle through them until we find a suitable locale file rather
than simply cycling through until we find a directory that exists.
The new code is based heavily on the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library">python standard library</a>
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.translation" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.translation()</span></tt></a> function.</p>
</dd></dl>

</div>
<div class="section" id="translation-objects">
<h2>Translation Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#translation-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The standard translation objects from the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> module suffer from
several problems:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>They can throw <tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt></li>
<li>They can&#8217;t find translations for non-<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>
messages</li>
<li>They may return either <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string or byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> from the
same function even though the functions say they will only return
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> or only return byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DummyTranslations</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NewGNUTranslations</span></tt></a> were written to fix
these issues.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">kitchen.i18n.</tt><tt class="descname">DummyTranslations</tt><big>(</big><em>fp=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Safer version of <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.NullTranslations" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.NullTranslations</span></tt></a></p>
<p>This Translations class doesn&#8217;t translate the strings and is intended to
be used as a fallback when there were errors setting up a real
Translations object.  It&#8217;s safer than <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.NullTranslations" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.NullTranslations</span></tt></a> in
its handling of byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> vs <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings.</p>
<p>Unlike <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.NullTranslations" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NullTranslations</span></tt></a>, this Translation class will
never throw a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#exceptions.UnicodeError" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt></a>.  The code that you have
around a call to <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DummyTranslations</span></tt></a> might throw
a <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#exceptions.UnicodeError" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt></a> but at least that will be in code you
control and can fix.  Also, unlike <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.NullTranslations" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">NullTranslations</span></tt></a> all
of this Translation object&#8217;s methods guarantee to return byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>
except for <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ugettext()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ungettext()</span></tt> which guarantee to
return <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings.</p>
<p>When byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> are returned, the strings will be encoded according
to this algorithm:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>If a fallback has been added, the fallback will be called first.
You&#8217;ll need to consult the fallback to see whether it performs any
encoding changes.</li>
<li>If a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> was given, the same byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> will
be returned.</li>
<li>If a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string was given and <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.set_output_charset" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.set_output_charset"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_output_charset()</span></tt></a>
has been called then we encode the string using the
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_charset</span></tt></li>
<li>If a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string was given and this is <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt> or
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ngettext()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">_charset</span></tt> was set output in that charset.</li>
<li>If a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string was given and this is <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt>
or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ngettext()</span></tt> we encode it using &#8216;utf-8&#8217;.</li>
<li>If a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string was given and this is <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></tt>
or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lngettext()</span></tt> we encode using the value of
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/locale.html#locale.getpreferredencoding" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale.getpreferredencoding()</span></tt></a></li>
</ol>
<p>For <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ugettext()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ungettext()</span></tt>, we go through the same set of
steps with the following differences:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>We transform byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> into <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings for
these methods.</li>
<li>The encoding used to decode the byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is taken from
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.input_charset" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.input_charset"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_charset</span></tt></a> if it&#8217;s set, otherwise we decode using
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">UTF-8</em></a>.</li>
</ul>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.input_charset">
<tt class="descname">input_charset</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.input_charset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>is an extension to the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library">python standard library</a> <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> that specifies what
charset a message is encoded in when decoding a message to
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>.  This is used for two purposes:</p>
</dd></dl>

<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>If the message string is a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>, this is used to decode
the string to a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string before looking it up in the
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalog</em></a>.</li>
<li>In <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ugettext()</span></tt> and
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ungettext()</span></tt> methods, if a byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is given as the message and is untranslated this is used
as the encoding when decoding to <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>.  This is different
from <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">_charset</span></tt> which may be set when a <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalog</em></a>
is loaded because <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.input_charset" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.input_charset"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_charset</span></tt></a> is used to describe an encoding
used in a python source file while <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">_charset</span></tt> describes the
encoding used in the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalog</em></a> file.</li>
</ol>
<p>Any characters that aren&#8217;t able to be transformed from a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>
to <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string or vice versa will be replaced with
a replacement character (ie: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">u'�'</span></tt> in unicode based encodings, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'?'</span></tt> in other
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> compatible encodings).</p>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.NullTranslations" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.NullTranslations</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>For information about what methods are available and what they do.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version kitchen-1.1.0: </span>; API kitchen.i18n 2.1.0
* Although we had adapted <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ngettext()</span></tt>,
  <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lngettext()</span></tt> to always return byte
  <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>, we hadn&#8217;t forced those byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to always be
  in a specified charset.  We now make sure that <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt> and
  <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ngettext()</span></tt> return byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> encoded using
  <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_charset</span></tt> if set, otherwise <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">charset</span></tt> and if
  neither of those, <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">UTF-8</em></a>.  With <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></tt> and
  <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lngettext()</span></tt> <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_charset</span></tt> if set, otherwise
  <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/locale.html#locale.getpreferredencoding" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale.getpreferredencoding()</span></tt></a>.
* Make setting <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.input_charset" title="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.input_charset"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_charset</span></tt></a> and <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_charset</span></tt> also
  set those attributes on any fallback translation objects.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.set_output_charset">
<tt class="descname">set_output_charset</tt><big>(</big><em>charset</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.i18n.DummyTranslations.set_output_charset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set the output charset</p>
<p>This serves two purposes.  The normal
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.NullTranslations.set_output_charset" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.NullTranslations.set_output_charset()</span></tt></a> does not set the
output on fallback objects.  On python-2.3,
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.NullTranslations" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.NullTranslations</span></tt></a> objects don&#8217;t contain this method.</p>
</dd></dl>

</dd></dl>

<dl class="class">
<dt id="kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">kitchen.i18n.</tt><tt class="descname">NewGNUTranslations</tt><big>(</big><em>fp=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Safer version of <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.GNUTranslations</span></tt></p>
<p><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.GNUTranslations</span></tt> suffers from two problems that this
class fixes.</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.GNUTranslations</span></tt> can throw a
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/exceptions.html#exceptions.UnicodeError" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">UnicodeError</span></tt></a> in
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.GNUTranslations.ugettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.GNUTranslations.ugettext()</span></tt></a> if the message being
translated has non-<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> characters and there is no translation
for it.</li>
<li><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.GNUTranslations</span></tt> can return byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> from
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.GNUTranslations.ugettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.GNUTranslations.ugettext()</span></tt></a> and <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>
strings from the other <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext.GNUTranslations.gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt></a>
methods if the message being translated is the wrong type</li>
</ol>
<p>When byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> are returned, the strings will be encoded
according to this algorithm:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>If a fallback has been added, the fallback will be called first.
You&#8217;ll need to consult the fallback to see whether it performs any
encoding changes.</li>
<li>If a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> was given, the same byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> will
be returned.</li>
<li>If a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string was given and
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">set_output_charset()</span></tt> has been called then we encode the
string using the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_charset</span></tt></li>
<li>If a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string was given and this is <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt>
or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ngettext()</span></tt> and a charset was detected when parsing the
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalog</em></a>, output in that charset.</li>
<li>If a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string was given and this is <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt>
or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ngettext()</span></tt> we encode it using <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">UTF-8</em></a>.</li>
<li>If a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string was given and this is <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></tt>
or <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lngettext()</span></tt> we encode using the value of
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/locale.html#locale.getpreferredencoding" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale.getpreferredencoding()</span></tt></a></li>
</ol>
<p>For <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ugettext()</span></tt> and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ungettext()</span></tt>, we go through the same set of
steps with the following differences:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>We transform byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> into <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> strings for these
methods.</li>
<li>The encoding used to decode the byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is taken from
<a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations.input_charset" title="kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations.input_charset"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_charset</span></tt></a> if it&#8217;s set, otherwise we decode using
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">UTF-8</em></a></li>
</ul>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations.input_charset">
<tt class="descname">input_charset</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations.input_charset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>an extension to the <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library">python standard library</a> <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/gettext.html#gettext" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext</span></tt></a> that specifies what
charset a message is encoded in when decoding a message to
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>.  This is used for two purposes:</p>
</dd></dl>

<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>If the message string is a byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>, this is used to decode
the string to a <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string before looking it up in the
<a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalog</em></a>.</li>
<li>In <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ugettext()</span></tt> and
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ungettext()</span></tt> methods, if a byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> is given as the message and is untranslated his is used as
the encoding when decoding to <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt>.  This is different from
the <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">_charset</span></tt> parameter that may be set when a <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message
catalog</em></a> is loaded because <a class="reference internal" href="#kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations.input_charset" title="kitchen.i18n.NewGNUTranslations.input_charset"><tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_charset</span></tt></a> is used to describe an
encoding used in a python source file while <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">_charset</span></tt> describes
the encoding used in the <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-message-catalog"><em class="xref std std-term">message catalog</em></a> file.</li>
</ol>
<p>Any characters that aren&#8217;t able to be transformed from a byte
<tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">unicode</span></tt> string or vice versa will be replaced
with a replacement character (ie: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">u'�'</span></tt> in unicode based encodings,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'?'</span></tt> in other <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-ascii"><em class="xref std std-term">ASCII</em></a> compatible encodings).</p>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext.GNUTranslations.gettext</span></tt></dt>
<dd>For information about what methods this class has and what they do</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version kitchen-1.1.0: </span>; API kitchen.i18n 2.1.0
Although we had adapted <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt>, <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ngettext()</span></tt>,
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></tt>, and <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lngettext()</span></tt> to always return
byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt>, we hadn&#8217;t forced those byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> to always
be in a specified charset.  We now make sure that <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">gettext()</span></tt> and
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">ngettext()</span></tt> return byte <tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">str</span></tt> encoded using
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_charset</span></tt> if set, otherwise <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">charset</span></tt> and if
neither of those, <a class="reference internal" href="glossary.html#term-utf-8"><em class="xref std std-term">UTF-8</em></a>.  With <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lgettext()</span></tt> and
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">lngettext()</span></tt> <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_charset</span></tt> if set, otherwise
<a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/locale.html#locale.getpreferredencoding" title="(in Python v2.7)"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">locale.getpreferredencoding()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>

</div>
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